Publication records

Markush structures are molecular skeletons containing not only specific atoms but also placeholders to represent broad sets of chemical (sub)structures. As genus claims, they allow a vast number of compounds to be claimed in a patent application without having to specify every single chemical entity. While Markush structures raise important questions regarding the functioning of the patent system, innovation researchers have been surprisingly silent on the topic. This paper summarizes the ongoing policy debate about Markush structures and provides first empirical insights into how Markush structures are used in patent documents in the pharmaceutical industry and how they affect important outcomes in the patent prosecution process. While not causing frictions in the patent prosecution process, patent documents con-taining Markush structures have an increased likelihood to restrict the patentability of follow-on inventions and to facilitate the construction of broad patent fences.

We seek to understand how individuals from different groups conceive, build and gain benefit from their social networks in order to be able to generate better predictions and interventions that could help more disadvantaged individuals to nurture more productive networks and extract greater gains from such networks. The projects included in the symposium tackle the idea of different network use and returns distinguishing categories of individuals along the lines of race, individual traits, and gender. The projects give insights on how actors that belong to specific social and demographic categories can use and leverage their networks to achieve positive outcomes and overcome their disadvantageous positions. Structural barriers, cognitive impediments, or beliefs about the other make minority groups unable to benefit from the networks in the same ways as the majority group. Yet, our symposium seeks to understand and propose different ways to solve the issue and create a better world in which all individuals have an equal opportunity to thrive, regardless of their group membership. With this symposium, we argue that there is a need to consider the different paths and conditions that impact individuals’ intentions to create, maintain, and utilize their network ties more closely, in order to deepen our understanding of individuals networking patterns and be able to implement effective interventions.

With permission of the Academy of Management

Does turnover travel through social networks and, if so, how? Extant literature suggests that turnover can spread from one departing employee to another through a social influence process. While this assumes the existence of social relations, we lack understanding of whether and how different types of relations affect the contagion process. We build on the turnover literature, which conceives social relations as resources individuals lose when their contacts leave, to distinguish between different types of social relations (instrumental, expressive, energy) and resource providers (peers, supervisors) and examine how their loss relates to turnover contagion. We draw on a unique network dataset of 1,432 employees in the Chinese subsidiary of a Dutch multinational including employees’ date of voluntary departure (271 turnover events). We estimate models inspired from the Relational Event Framework to trace the spread of departures through social ties over time and account for the effect of each departure on the networks of remaining employees. Our results are consistent with considering turnover contagion as resource loss. However, they also suggest that contagion is triggered when losing access to specific resources from particular providers. We elaborate on our results to propose a theory of network turnover contagion.

With permission of the Academy of Management

Markush structures are molecular skeletons containing not only specific atoms but al-so placeholders to represent broad sets of chemical (sub)structures. They allow a vast number of compounds (e.g., 10^16 different compounds within patent EP 0810 209) to be claimed in a patent application without having to specify every single chemical entity. While Markush structures raise important questions regarding the functioning of the patent system, innovation researchers have been surprisingly silent on the topic. This paper summarizes the ongoing policy debate about Markush structures and provides first empirical insights into how Markush structures are used in patent documents in the pharmaceutical industry and how they affect important outcomes in the patent prosecution process. While not causing frictions in the patent prosecution process, patent documents containing Markush structures have an increased likelihood to restrict the patentability of follow-on inventions and to hamper the entry of generic competition in the product market

With permission of the Academy of Management

Social network research has made considerable progress in understanding how certain network structures emerge and the extent to which they affect outcomes such as innovation or organizational performance. In recent years, however, scholars have agreed that we also need to have a better understanding of the relational content that flows through network ties. In this symposium, we attempt to push network research forward by incorporating network content into our current understanding, especially how the content of network ties is narrated by social actors. This symposium aims to encourage fruitful discussion among organizational scholars on the extent to which studying the narrative of network tie content extends our knowledge of the impact of network structures.

With permission of the Academy of Management

Extant literature on social capital has demonstrated the positive effects of brokerage on employee productivity, particularly in knowledge-intensive and creative environments. Yet, little is known about the interactions between employee brokerage and employee mobility to competitors, another common theme in the strategic human capital literature. We posit that employees in brokerage positions face unique information and exposure and have different external opportunities than their peers in more constrained network positions. However, as brokerage is an inherently local network position, we further argue that the effect of mobility on employee productivity is substantially different for those in brokerage positions versus those in constrained networks. Moreover, the nature of these consequences is contingent on the breadth of expertise of employees. Using a large, longitudinal sample of inventors working for the world’s major pharmaceutical firms, we find partial support for the interactive effects of brokerage, mobility, and productivity. The findings of this study contribute to the social capital literature on employee brokerage and to strategic human capital research on inventor mobility.

With permission of the Academy of Management

Extant research in organizational networks has provided critical insights into understanding the benefits of occupying a brokerage position. More recently, researchers have moved beyond the brokerage position to consider the brokering processes (arbitration and collaboration) brokers engage in and their implications for performance. However, brokering processes are typically measured using scales that reflect individuals’ orientation toward engaging in a behavior, rather than the behavior itself. In this article, we propose a measure that captures the behavioral process of brokering. The measure indicates the extent to which actors engage in arbitration versus collaboration based on sequences of time stamped relational events, such as emails, message boards, and recordings of meetings. We demonstrate the validity of our measure as well as its predictive ability. By leveraging the temporal information inherent in sequences of relational events, our behavioral measure of brokering creates opportunities for researchers to explore the dynamics of brokerage and their impact on individuals, and also paves the way for a systematic examination of the temporal dynamics of networks.

With permission of SAGE Publishing

Arrow et al. (1949) introduced the first sequential search problem, “where at each stage the options available are to stop and take a definite action or to continue sampling for more information." We study how time pressure in the form of task accumulation may affect this decision problem. To that end, we consider a search problem where the decision maker (DM) faces a stream of random decision tasks to be treated one at a time, and accumulate when not attended to. We formulate the problem of managing this form of pressure as a Partially Observable Markov Decision Process, and characterize the corresponding optimal policy. We find that the DM needs to alleviate this pressure very differently depending on how the search on the current task has unfolded thus far. As the search progresses, the DM is less and less willing to sustain high levels of workloads in the beginning and end of the search, but actually increases the maximum workload she is willing to handle in the middle of the process. The DM manages this workload by first making a priori decisions to release some accumulated tasks, and later by aborting the current search and deciding based on her updated belief. This novel search strategy critically depends on the DM's prior belief about the tasks, and stems, in part, from an effect related to the decision ambivalence. These findings are robust to various extensions of our basic set-up.

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